Composition

Crystalline glucosamine sulfate (D-glucosamine sulfate (sodium salt)*)

* Equivalent to Glucosamine sulfate

* Origin from China

Extracted from shells of shrimps (Testa Caridea) and shells of crab (Testa Brachyurae)

* Content of the ingredient  in 1 sachet (3.0 g): 2 000 mg; *1 500 mg;

* Content of the ingredient in 2 sachets (6.0 g): 4 000 mg; *3 000 mg;

Shells of shrimps (Testa Caridea) and shells of crab (Testa Brachyurae) are with rich content of glucosamine sulfate. As an essential building element of biosynthesis of glycolipids, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, as well as hyaluronic acid, glucosamine is necessary for formation of proteoglycans - basic structural component of cartilage matrix.

The animal origin of the ingredient contributes for its easier absorption in the human organism. This reinforces the effect of glucosamine sulfate on joints. The natural ingredient is with excellent tolerance with long-term use, identical with that of placebo. Natural glucosamine sulfate stimulates cartilage metabolism and cartilage regeneration. Solely the optimal daily dose of 1 500 mg for peroral intake, as well as solely the crystalline form of glucosamine sulfate benefit its better resorption of glucosamine in the small intestine and its higher bioavailability in the joint synovial fluid, assisting for its more effective action, compared to other forms of glucosamine. 

Glucosamine assists for formation of mucin, which contributes to lubrication of cartilage surfaces and of their normal friction. Glucosamine sulfate also benefits cumulative joint space narrowing. The ingredient benefits recovery of periarticular soft tissue, joints and joint cartilages. The ingredient contributes for delay of joint structural changes by delaying the need of surgery for knee joint replacement. 

The ingredient modulates and reduces inflammatory manifestations and oxidative processes, damaging joints. Glucosamine sulfate inhibits production and activity of inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-1), preventing degeneration of cartilage matrix and normalizing inflammation. Glucosamine sulfate blocks activity of the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, provoking expression of inflammatory substances (e.g. COX-2, nitrogen oxide, IL-6, TNFα), which degenerate extracellular matrix. Glucosamine helps natural mechanisms of the organism against pain, benefitting joint physical function and joint mobility.