Composition

Crystalline glucosamine sulfate (D-Glucosamine sulfate (Sodium salt†)

* Equivalent to Glucosamine sulfate

Extracted from shells of shrimps (Testa Caridea) and shells of crab (Testa Brachyurae)

** Content of the ingredient in 1 sachet (3.0 g): 2 000 mg; *1 500 mg;

** Content of the ingredient in 2 sachets (6.0 g):  4 000 mg; *3 000 mg.

Chondroitin sulfate†

Extracted from porcine cartilage (Cartilago Porcus domesticus)

** Content of the ingredient in 1 sachet (3.0 g): 600 mg;

** Content of the ingredient in 2 sachets (6.0 g):  1 200 mg.

† Origin from China.

Shells of shrimps (Testa Caridea) and shells of crab (Testa Brachyurae)

The shells of shrimps (Testa Caridea) and the shells of crab (Testa Brachyurae) are with rich content of glucosamine sulfate. As an essential building element of biosynthesis of glycolipids, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, as well as of hyaluronic acid, glucosamine is necessary for formation of proteoglycans. It is main structural component of cartilage matrix. 

The animal origin of the ingredient contributes to its easier absorption in the human organism. This reinforces the effect of glucosamine sulfate on joints. The natural ingredient is with excellent tolerance with long-term intake, identical with that of placebo. The natural glucosamine sulfate stimulates cartilage metabolism and cartilage regeneration. Solely the optimal daily dose of 1 500 mg for peroral intake, as well as solely the crystalline form of glucosamine sulfate benefit better resorption of glucosamine in the small intestine and its higher bioavailability in the joint synovial fluid, contributing to its more effective action, compared to other forms of glucosamine. 

Glucosamine assists for formation of mucin, contributing to lubricaion of cartilage surfaces and for their normal friction. Glucosamine sulfate benefits also cumulative joint space narrowing. The ingredient benefits healing of periarticular soft tissue, joints and joint cartilages. The ingredient is capable to delay joint structural changes by delaying the need of surgery for knee joint replacement.  

The ingredient modulates and reduces inflammatory manifestations and oxidative processes, damaging joints. Glucosamine sulfate inhibits production and activity of inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-1), preventing degeneration of cartilage matrix and normalizing inflammation. Glucosamine sulfate blocks the activity of proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, which provokes expression of inflammatory substances (e.g. COX-2, nitrogen oxide, IL-6, TNFα), which degenerate extracellular matrix. Glucosamine helps natural mechanisms of the organism against pain, benefitting joint physical function and joint mobility. 

Porcine cartilage (Cartilago Porcus domesticus)

Porcine cartilage (Cartilago Porcus domesticus) is rich source of chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin is integral part of cartilage and synovial fluid and naturally is synthesized in the human organism. With advance in age and with physical overload, its quantity in the organism decreases. Chondroitin sulfate is natural polysaccharide, called glycosaminoglycans (GAG), which is important component of extracellular matrix. 

The additional intake of chondroitin stimulates cartilage metabolism and improves cartilage function. Chondroitin sulfate benefits energy production and metabolism of chondrocytes. The ingredient helps for natural restriction of degeneration of cartilage surface and improves regeneration of joint tissue, normalizing joint mobility. 

The ingredient delays cartilage catabolic processes, strengthening cartilage structure and normalizing joint inflammation, reinforcing cartilage recovery processes. Due to its negative charge, chondroitin sulfate contributes to water retention in the cartilge, benefitting elasticity of cartilage tissie, lubrication of joint system and resistivity of the cartilage against load. 

Chondroitin sulfate in synergistic combination with glucosamine sulfate significantly assists mechanisms of the organism against oxidative stress in chondrocytes, which is caused by IL-1β. The ingredient favours natural mechanisms of the organism against swelling.